There is so much to say on this topic that I struggle with where to begin. It's been an exercise in drinking from a fire hose, and everywhere I turn there is another hose blasting away. So I'll just pick a starting point, and describe what our plans are for 6837, and how I'm proceeding from here to there. That should set out the context, and I can write other articles later digging into particular aspects of Lithium power systems. Make sure you have read this Lithium Battery Backgrounder before reading this article, or some of the terms and concepts may not make sense. I'm hardly an expert, but learning fast, and my goal will be to distill it down to something more digestible, without at the same time dumbing it down. So here goes...
First a little personal background. I'm a retired electrical engineer/computer science person, turned exec, but still a geek at heart. Our boating is long distance/remote cruising with extended periods of time away from civilization, so dependable systems are vital, and repair/workaround essential when the inevitable issues arise. We are building another Nordhavn and the plan of record is to use LFP, but before pulling the trigger on LFP for the boat, I'm building a proof project in a slightly less demanding environment to test and assess LFP viability for the boat.
Now I already need to pause and explain something. You are probably wondering what "LFP" is. It's short hand for a particular type of lithium battery, specifically LiFePO4. There are many different types of lithium batteries, and LFP is the only on that I (and most other people) consider suitable for use on a boat, mostly for safety reasons. Some other time I'll dig into the different types and their characteristics, but not now.
I mentioned a test project, and that will be to build an LFP system for an off-grid house. In nearly every way the requirements are the same as the boat, but less consequential if there is a failure, and a lot easier to get parts etc when needed. If nothing else, the shipping address isn't changing all the time :-)
With that preamble, here's my current thinking for the LFP sub-system:
- I am building the system myself. It's not that I object to the available pre-engineered BMS (Battery Management Systems) systems, but I'm very concerned about the long term viability of nearly all of the companies and products. When some part fails in 3 or 5 or 10 years, I think there is a good chance that any given company I might choose will be gone, and I'll have to buy a whole new BSM. Victron is about the only company that I think has long term staying power, but the cost puts LFP into a price range where it isn't worth it to me. I want something that is long term repairable and supportable and will live the life of the batteries. So the plan is to an industrial Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) with off-the-shelf modules for monitoring and control. Pretty much everything in the modern world is run by PLCs. Manufacturing, lighting controls, building environmental controls, elevators, and many of the control systems on larger ships. They are made by many very large companies, have highly standardized interfaces and protocols, are incredibly robust and reliable, and are relatively inexpensive. And best of all, a lot of much bigger, much more important customers will be complaining way ahead of me if there are problems.
- The PLC "BMS" will be a monitoring and fail safe system, but not a balancing system. Instead, I'll follow the approach of operating the batteries away from their SOC end points, or "knees" in the voltage curves. When monitoring suggests an imbalance, I will have to respond manually to re-balance.
- For batteries I am using CALB CA180s. CALB seems to be the most reliable vendor, but it's admittedly a low bar, and I am open to alternatives. The 180 cells seem to be the largest that are readily available. Bigger cells means less paralleling, few interconnections, etc. The 400s are appealing, but don't seem to be available
- I'm planning on 360AH of LFP capacity operating at 48V, so about half of the FLA usable capacity that I currently have. That will last me 1.5 to 2 days without sun. If the batteries get too low, the generator will start and recharge in a little over 2 hrs. The generator may run more frequently, but for a lot less time in each run, and less in total. Right now, a full recharge of the FLA batteries takes just under 6 hrs.
- The battery configuration will be paralleled pairs of cells, wired in series for 320ah @ 48V. Short hand for this configuration is 2P16S. That's "blocks" of 2 batteries in parallel, designated by "2P". Then 16 of those "2P" blocks are wired together in series, designated by "16S". Put it together and you have 2P16S indicating 2 parallel battery groups, wired 16 in series, for a total of 32 batteries.
The other battery wiring option is two 48V strings of single 180Ah batteries (16S), with isolation switches for each string. So two strings - effectively 16S2P - totaling 360Ah at 48V. This later arrangement would be to provide for string isolation for diagnostics, and to be able to run on one string if the other is out of service. I might convert to this arrangement later on, and it might be the preferred arrangement for the boat for increased fault resilience.
- For monitoring, I plan to instrument voltage and temperature on each battery, or pair of batteries if they are paralleled. Absolute values, and differences in values will lead to various warnings, alarms, and fail safe actions. All of the thresholds are are adjustable so I can fine tune as I learn. It will also let me start out with very conservative operation, then expand a little bit at a time while monitoring how everything works.
- I only have two charge sources to contend with at the house, and both are programmable. I plan to program each to essentially be a two stage charger, with a bulk voltage to perform charging, followed by a float voltage down at the battery resting voltage. There will be no absorb stage, with an immediate transition from bulk to float. I expect float will require some tweaking to prevent excess battery cycling and get solar to carry the loads once batteries are charged, but while solar power is still available.
- The only fail safe I'm currently planning is a main disconnect contactor that will be controlled by the PLC. The only time the batteries will disconnect is after all alarms have been triggered, and if the situation remains uncorrected and the batteries are facing imminent damage because of over charge or under charge. This should never happen under any sort of normal operation.
- I'll also have to adjust the Automatic Generator Start (AGS) stop/start. The start voltage will be adjusted to match LFP voltages, but starting will probably have to happen more quickly once the low voltage point is reached. LFP battery voltage drops very quickly when they reach their fully discharged range, and it will be important to get the generator running and charging started before the batteries plummet. With the FLA batteries currently, I look for a low voltage level lasting for 15 minutes, or maybe even 30 minutes (I can't remember exactly). With LFP I'll probably trigger a start after 15 seconds of low voltage. It takes 45-60 seconds to get the generator on line, so that should be enough.
There must be more, but that's all I can think of right now.
Next up will be a bunch more detail on the BMS that I have built so far.
I welcome comments and suggestion?
Friday, September 28, 2018
Wednesday, September 26, 2018
Lithium Battery Backgrounder
I started writing about the lithium power system we are planning for the new Nordhavn 68, and quickly realized that it's incomprehensible without some basic back ground. So here is my attempt at a lithium battery summary.
Not all Lithium Batteries are the Same
First, there are lots of different types of lithium batteries, and different types of lithium-ion batteries, and they behave quite differently. It's really important to understand some of the distinctions or you can reach a lot of incorrect conclusions.
For example, it's hard to mention lithium-ion without someone bringing up the Boeing 787 battery fire issue. All batteries pose fire risks, but it varies quite a bit between different battery types. The type of batteries we use on boats is different, and doesn't have the same fire characteristics as those used in the 787. Those were lithium-cobalt-oxide (LiCoO2), and are subject to thermal runaway under certain fault conditions.
It also doesn't take long for someone who paid attention in chemistry to note that lithium burns violently when exposed to water. Yikes, that sounds really bad for a boat, doesn't it? But it's lithium metal that burns in water, not the lithium-ion substances used in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. It's like the hydrogen that's in water (H2O, remember?) Hydrogen is highly explosive, but water isn't. It's the same with lithium metal vs it's form in a battery.
Some other time I'll dig into the different types of lithium ion batteries, but for now let me say that Lithium Iron Phosphate, or LiFePO4, or LFP for short, is the preferred battery type for boats. It is by far the safest type with excellent fire resistance, and no run-away fire if it does get going. And any released substances are far less toxic than with other types of batteries. So for boats, we use LFP batteries.
Characteristics of Lithium Batteries
Charging, discharging, and general management of LFP batteries is quite different from lead acid batteries (LA for short). To really get your head around LFP, you need to forget most everything you know about battery management, because it's all steeped in LA.
For example:
- LA batteries need to be brought back to full charge on a regular basis. Not true for LFP. In fact, it's fine to never bring them back to full charge.
- LA batteries shouldn't be too deeply discharged, with 50% as a typical limit. Not true with LFP. It's fine to drain them down to to near zero, but never all the way to zero.
- LA batteries should be stored at full charge. Not true for LFP. They should be stored in the 40-60% range.
- LA batteries need temperature compensation for their charge voltages. Not true for LFP. You need to turn temp compensation off or you can damage them.
- LA batteries should be left on a constant "float" trickle charge. Not true for LFP. Continuing to charge them once full will ruin them very quickly.
- LA batteries can be degraded if they are discharged too low. For LFP, this is harsher. They will be irreparably damaged if over discharged.
- LA batteries can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. LFP batteries are less tolerant of temperature extremes.
All this may seem daunting, but it doesn't have to be. Charging batteries within these constraints is common place in electronic devices, and can be done just as well on a boat with a bit of thought and planning. But it also means that the idea of a "drop-in" LFP battery is a compromise at best. We have the luxury of starting from a clean sheet of paper on our boat, so will be building a power system with all the necessary controls and safeties.
Battery Management Systems
Speaking of the controls and safeties, these are commonly referred to as a Battery Management System, or BMS. A BMS is just some sort of system that monitors the batteries, controls chargers, and controls loads to be sure the battery operates within safe limits. And if something starts to get outside of safe limits, it starts setting off alarms, shutting things down, and ultimately disconnecting the batteries completely to keep them from getting ruined.
The simplest BMS can be found in the mirror. It's you, and lots of early adopters of LFP do all this themselves. With appropriate knowledge and attention, it works fine. Others want a more automated BMS that can operate without constant attention, and while you are away from the boat, and this has given rise to a variety of packaged BMS systems.
The basic functions of a BMS are:
But with LFP, overcharging is instant death, so another means of balancing is needed. If one cell is more charged than the others, a good BMS will stop charging when the highest cell is full. If it keeps charging while the others catch up, the more fully charged cell will get overcharged and ruined. Similarly, when discharging, the loads need to be stopped when the lowest cell reaches it's lower limit. Because charging stops when the highest cell is full, and loads stop when the lowest cell is empty, if the cells are too far out of balance the overall battery bank will end up operating over a narrower capacity range than is actually available. To address this, many BMSes have circuits on each cell that redirects charge power away from higher cells and towards lower cells to bring them into balance.
Building an LFP Power System
To build up an LFP power system, there are a few different approaches:
Given all the differences between LA and LFP batteries, just how should one charge an LFP battery bank? Conceptually, there is a change of roles between all the devices in a power system, when you switch to LFP. With LA, each charger controls itself, looking only at it's own voltage and current. This is imperfect with lots of overcharging, but good enough since LA batteries are very tolerant of over charging.
With LFP, the batteries are very sensitive to overcharging, so a little role reversal helps a lot. Instead of the chargers deciding things, you really want the battery to decide things, telling chargers when to turn on, and when to turn off. Only the battery knows it's real state of charge, so it's in the best position to conduct charging activities. Now this is great in theory, but in practice we need to work with chargers that can't be told what to do, or have limits on what you can tell them to do. So any system today is likely a compromise and combination of different types of controls. The trick is to make sure they all work together in a reasonable way.
Since LFP batteries can be irreversible damaged very quickly if over discharged or over charged, it's really important to avoid both things. In fact, there are some good arguments for never dropping below around 10-20% state of charger (SOC), and not charging above 80-90%. There isn't much capacity to be gained by going all the way to the limits, and the risk of damage goes up rapidly. There also are a variety of studies that show that LFP life is a lot longer if you do not operate to the extremes. "How much is too much" remains an unanswered question. For example, there is a study that shows significantly improved life discharging to 50% SOC vs 0% SOC. But it's unclear what happens at 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10% SOC. So there is a bunch of guessing, but many people are having success operating in the 10-20% to 80-90% range. And remember, unlike lead acid batteries, it's fine to operate LFP batteries at a partial state of charge indefinitely.
Another characteristic of LFP batteries is that they very quickly transition from charging, to full. It's totally different from lead acid batteries that soak in absorption charge at a constant voltage for hours. LFP batteries will be taking full charge rate, then bang, they are full. The result of this is two fold.
First, because LFP can accept full charge rate right up until they are full, you can get them recharged much faster than LA batteries. LA will charge at full rate up until about 80% SOC, then sit at a constant voltage for hours. As a result, you really can't get an LA battery full in anything less than 3-4 hours, and sometimes longer. And it doesn't matter how fast you charge them, because the absorption at the end still takes hours. And if you don't fully recharge them every several days, you will slowly destroy them, reducing their capacity as the sit at partial charge.
LFP works differently, and in a way that is very, very favorable for a boat. In short, you can fully charge them in 1 to 3 hours depending on the charge rate. This is incredibly useful for boats that need to run a generator or other engine to recharge batteries because you can be done much faster. And, because LFP batteries don't care if you fully charge them or not, you can run the generator for less time and only partially recharge with no harm.
For those interested, here's a quick side bar about why charging is so much faster. A battery's capacity is rated in amp-hours, or Ah. That's the number of amps you can draw out, times the length if time before it's empty. So a 100 Ah battery can, in theory, provide 100 amps for 1 hour, or 50 amps for 2 hrs, or 5 amps for 20 hrs. All multiply out to be 100 Ah. This capacity is referred to as "C" for a battery. If you further look at a battery's specifications, it will tell you how fast you can charge the battery, and how fast you can discharge it. So a battery may allow for charging at up to 0.5C (50A for our example 100 Ah battery), and it may allow for discharge up to 1C (100A for our 100 Ah battery).
Back to charging LFP, most batteries specify a "normal" charge of 0.25C to 0.3C, and a fast charge of 1C. That means you can charge the 100 Ah battery at anywhere from 25A to 100A, and that will take a corresponding time of 4hrs to 1hr. So even at the lowest charge rate, you can be done in 3-4 hrs, and a fast charge can be done in an hour.
I could go on and on for ever, but think this is a reasonable stopping point. Later on I'll try to dig into a bunch of this in more detail.
Not all Lithium Batteries are the Same
First, there are lots of different types of lithium batteries, and different types of lithium-ion batteries, and they behave quite differently. It's really important to understand some of the distinctions or you can reach a lot of incorrect conclusions.
For example, it's hard to mention lithium-ion without someone bringing up the Boeing 787 battery fire issue. All batteries pose fire risks, but it varies quite a bit between different battery types. The type of batteries we use on boats is different, and doesn't have the same fire characteristics as those used in the 787. Those were lithium-cobalt-oxide (LiCoO2), and are subject to thermal runaway under certain fault conditions.
787 Burned Batteries |
It also doesn't take long for someone who paid attention in chemistry to note that lithium burns violently when exposed to water. Yikes, that sounds really bad for a boat, doesn't it? But it's lithium metal that burns in water, not the lithium-ion substances used in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. It's like the hydrogen that's in water (H2O, remember?) Hydrogen is highly explosive, but water isn't. It's the same with lithium metal vs it's form in a battery.
Lithium Metal in Water |
Some other time I'll dig into the different types of lithium ion batteries, but for now let me say that Lithium Iron Phosphate, or LiFePO4, or LFP for short, is the preferred battery type for boats. It is by far the safest type with excellent fire resistance, and no run-away fire if it does get going. And any released substances are far less toxic than with other types of batteries. So for boats, we use LFP batteries.
CALB Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) battery |
Characteristics of Lithium Batteries
Charging, discharging, and general management of LFP batteries is quite different from lead acid batteries (LA for short). To really get your head around LFP, you need to forget most everything you know about battery management, because it's all steeped in LA.
For example:
- LA batteries need to be brought back to full charge on a regular basis. Not true for LFP. In fact, it's fine to never bring them back to full charge.
- LA batteries shouldn't be too deeply discharged, with 50% as a typical limit. Not true with LFP. It's fine to drain them down to to near zero, but never all the way to zero.
- LA batteries should be stored at full charge. Not true for LFP. They should be stored in the 40-60% range.
- LA batteries need temperature compensation for their charge voltages. Not true for LFP. You need to turn temp compensation off or you can damage them.
- LA batteries should be left on a constant "float" trickle charge. Not true for LFP. Continuing to charge them once full will ruin them very quickly.
- LA batteries can be degraded if they are discharged too low. For LFP, this is harsher. They will be irreparably damaged if over discharged.
- LA batteries can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. LFP batteries are less tolerant of temperature extremes.
All this may seem daunting, but it doesn't have to be. Charging batteries within these constraints is common place in electronic devices, and can be done just as well on a boat with a bit of thought and planning. But it also means that the idea of a "drop-in" LFP battery is a compromise at best. We have the luxury of starting from a clean sheet of paper on our boat, so will be building a power system with all the necessary controls and safeties.
Battery Management Systems
Speaking of the controls and safeties, these are commonly referred to as a Battery Management System, or BMS. A BMS is just some sort of system that monitors the batteries, controls chargers, and controls loads to be sure the battery operates within safe limits. And if something starts to get outside of safe limits, it starts setting off alarms, shutting things down, and ultimately disconnecting the batteries completely to keep them from getting ruined.
The simplest BMS can be found in the mirror. It's you, and lots of early adopters of LFP do all this themselves. With appropriate knowledge and attention, it works fine. Others want a more automated BMS that can operate without constant attention, and while you are away from the boat, and this has given rise to a variety of packaged BMS systems.
The basic functions of a BMS are:
- Monitor individual cell voltages and alarm or take action if too high or too low.
- Monitor cell temperature and alarm or take action if too high or low.
- Provide a control signal to tell chargers when it's OK to charge, and when it's not
- Provide a control signal to tell loads when they can draw from the battery and when they should stop.
- Control of a fail-safe switch to disconnect the batteries as a protection of last resort.
But with LFP, overcharging is instant death, so another means of balancing is needed. If one cell is more charged than the others, a good BMS will stop charging when the highest cell is full. If it keeps charging while the others catch up, the more fully charged cell will get overcharged and ruined. Similarly, when discharging, the loads need to be stopped when the lowest cell reaches it's lower limit. Because charging stops when the highest cell is full, and loads stop when the lowest cell is empty, if the cells are too far out of balance the overall battery bank will end up operating over a narrower capacity range than is actually available. To address this, many BMSes have circuits on each cell that redirects charge power away from higher cells and towards lower cells to bring them into balance.
Building an LFP Power System
To build up an LFP power system, there are a few different approaches:
BMS Kit |
Fully Integrated LFP System |
Given all the differences between LA and LFP batteries, just how should one charge an LFP battery bank? Conceptually, there is a change of roles between all the devices in a power system, when you switch to LFP. With LA, each charger controls itself, looking only at it's own voltage and current. This is imperfect with lots of overcharging, but good enough since LA batteries are very tolerant of over charging.
With LFP, the batteries are very sensitive to overcharging, so a little role reversal helps a lot. Instead of the chargers deciding things, you really want the battery to decide things, telling chargers when to turn on, and when to turn off. Only the battery knows it's real state of charge, so it's in the best position to conduct charging activities. Now this is great in theory, but in practice we need to work with chargers that can't be told what to do, or have limits on what you can tell them to do. So any system today is likely a compromise and combination of different types of controls. The trick is to make sure they all work together in a reasonable way.
Since LFP batteries can be irreversible damaged very quickly if over discharged or over charged, it's really important to avoid both things. In fact, there are some good arguments for never dropping below around 10-20% state of charger (SOC), and not charging above 80-90%. There isn't much capacity to be gained by going all the way to the limits, and the risk of damage goes up rapidly. There also are a variety of studies that show that LFP life is a lot longer if you do not operate to the extremes. "How much is too much" remains an unanswered question. For example, there is a study that shows significantly improved life discharging to 50% SOC vs 0% SOC. But it's unclear what happens at 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10% SOC. So there is a bunch of guessing, but many people are having success operating in the 10-20% to 80-90% range. And remember, unlike lead acid batteries, it's fine to operate LFP batteries at a partial state of charge indefinitely.
Another characteristic of LFP batteries is that they very quickly transition from charging, to full. It's totally different from lead acid batteries that soak in absorption charge at a constant voltage for hours. LFP batteries will be taking full charge rate, then bang, they are full. The result of this is two fold.
First, because LFP can accept full charge rate right up until they are full, you can get them recharged much faster than LA batteries. LA will charge at full rate up until about 80% SOC, then sit at a constant voltage for hours. As a result, you really can't get an LA battery full in anything less than 3-4 hours, and sometimes longer. And it doesn't matter how fast you charge them, because the absorption at the end still takes hours. And if you don't fully recharge them every several days, you will slowly destroy them, reducing their capacity as the sit at partial charge.
LFP works differently, and in a way that is very, very favorable for a boat. In short, you can fully charge them in 1 to 3 hours depending on the charge rate. This is incredibly useful for boats that need to run a generator or other engine to recharge batteries because you can be done much faster. And, because LFP batteries don't care if you fully charge them or not, you can run the generator for less time and only partially recharge with no harm.
For those interested, here's a quick side bar about why charging is so much faster. A battery's capacity is rated in amp-hours, or Ah. That's the number of amps you can draw out, times the length if time before it's empty. So a 100 Ah battery can, in theory, provide 100 amps for 1 hour, or 50 amps for 2 hrs, or 5 amps for 20 hrs. All multiply out to be 100 Ah. This capacity is referred to as "C" for a battery. If you further look at a battery's specifications, it will tell you how fast you can charge the battery, and how fast you can discharge it. So a battery may allow for charging at up to 0.5C (50A for our example 100 Ah battery), and it may allow for discharge up to 1C (100A for our 100 Ah battery).
Back to charging LFP, most batteries specify a "normal" charge of 0.25C to 0.3C, and a fast charge of 1C. That means you can charge the 100 Ah battery at anywhere from 25A to 100A, and that will take a corresponding time of 4hrs to 1hr. So even at the lowest charge rate, you can be done in 3-4 hrs, and a fast charge can be done in an hour.
I could go on and on for ever, but think this is a reasonable stopping point. Later on I'll try to dig into a bunch of this in more detail.
Wednesday, September 12, 2018
Tanglewood N6062 has Sold
They say the happiest two days of boat ownership are the day you buy and the day you sell. We closed on the sale of Tanglewood N6062 today, and I only kind of agree. It's definitely not a happy day, but it's certainly a load off my mind. A boat sitting is a boat breaking, and I'm glad Tanglewood didn't sit for too long, and now it's ready for more adventures with her new owners.
It's exciting to be building a Nordhavn 68, and I'll get going soon blogging about that, but it's also worth a look back on our time on N6062. I have to start calling it N6062 since our 68 will also be named Tanglewood, and things will get confusing otherwise.
N6062 took us to many new and incredible locations, all along the west coast of North America. We explored the Pacific Northwest which remains our favorite area so far. We cruised year round, and spent 3 seasons in Alaska, including one in Prince William Sound. On that trip we hit our furthest point north (61 deg, 13' N) in College Fjord. Prior to that, our furthest point north was rounding the Gaspe Peninsula in the Gulf of St Lawrence in Quebec. And we reached our furthest point west (149 deg 26' West) in Resurrection Bay on the Kenai Peninsula. By the way, Resurrection Bay is only about 5 degrees east of Hawaii, just to put it in perspective. We also hit our furthest point south (22 deg, 50' N) rounding the Baja Peninsula in Mexico, with our prior record in the Atlantic at the Exuma Islands in the Bahamas.
We put about 2200 hours on the boat, and traveled about 20,000 miles, all in the comfort and security of a Nordhavn. It's a bit sad to leave that behind, but exciting to think about where we will go next as N6837 starts to take shape.
It's exciting to be building a Nordhavn 68, and I'll get going soon blogging about that, but it's also worth a look back on our time on N6062. I have to start calling it N6062 since our 68 will also be named Tanglewood, and things will get confusing otherwise.
N6062 took us to many new and incredible locations, all along the west coast of North America. We explored the Pacific Northwest which remains our favorite area so far. We cruised year round, and spent 3 seasons in Alaska, including one in Prince William Sound. On that trip we hit our furthest point north (61 deg, 13' N) in College Fjord. Prior to that, our furthest point north was rounding the Gaspe Peninsula in the Gulf of St Lawrence in Quebec. And we reached our furthest point west (149 deg 26' West) in Resurrection Bay on the Kenai Peninsula. By the way, Resurrection Bay is only about 5 degrees east of Hawaii, just to put it in perspective. We also hit our furthest point south (22 deg, 50' N) rounding the Baja Peninsula in Mexico, with our prior record in the Atlantic at the Exuma Islands in the Bahamas.
N6063 in Prince William Sound, Alaska |
We put about 2200 hours on the boat, and traveled about 20,000 miles, all in the comfort and security of a Nordhavn. It's a bit sad to leave that behind, but exciting to think about where we will go next as N6837 starts to take shape.
N6837 in the Mold |
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